The Communications

Directorate of Distance Education

University of Kashmir

ISSN: 0975-6558

In Last few decades, a lot of changes have been done in the field of School Education System India. Especially in the transition of knowledge in the active learning classroom new pedagogies, approaches, educational techniques, instruction materials have been discovered. And all these things significantly catalyze the teaching learning process in the active classroom. Nowadays we shift our teaching strategy from Conventional Teaching Approach or Teacher Centered (Content Oriented) Approach to Child Centered teaching approach or Learning Centered Approach. And Many Policy and documents Like NPE1986, NCF-2000, NCF-2005, Learning Outcomes for Secondary Level 2019 and NEP2020 advocates to provide such type of learning in Classroom in which learner actively engage in teaching learning process and make their own meaning of concept by participation, collaboration and which leads the learner to learn meaningfully. Concept Map is also a similar kind of tool which fosters learning through active participation and involvement. Concept Mapping is a graphical organizing technique and it also works as a reflective tool for students as well as teachers and teacher educators. If we critically examine the present scenario of the school education system in India then we found learning outcomes are a big concern for any classroom. In this research paper researcher investigated the relationship of concept mapping and reflective thinking and also analyzed on the basis of type of institutions (government and private) how much the relationship shifted in which direction? For fulfillment of this purpose researcher selected three schools (one government and two private) from Ajmer city and selection was done through the sample purposive sampling. Researcher selected 48 boys’ students and 28 girls’ students and the total sample was 76 students. Researcher used descriptive statistics and inferential statistics for analyzing the data. In inferential statistics researcher used Pearson’s bivariate correlation. Findings of this research paper highlight that there is minimal difference in the relationship of concept mapping and reflective thinking on the basis of type of institutions and this difference indicates towards other factors.

The learning of programming using simulation involves unique educational environments and human factors. However, research in this field has been mainly centered on the efficacy of the simulation tool whereas there is a lack of comparative studies between the associated teaching and learning procedures. To address the gap, this study facilitates an evidence-driven discussion on learning and teaching as well as their relationship in programming education. Research areas include virtual and physical environment of simulation session relevant learning enablers and impediments, and roles of students and faculty members in the process.The study followed qualitative methodology using focus groups and semi-structured interviews. Educational technology is the development of application and evaluation of systems techniques and aids to improve the process of human learning. This gives emphasis on development of human learning process which is very complex and difficult to understand as so many factors such as socio-economic educational cultural language which contribute a lot in whole learning process. This takes into account all the changes such as social cultural regional economic which contribute in the process of human learning. It also takes into account its application which means the educational technology is basically an evaluation process where the participants of teaching and learning process such as teacher students and various members of the educational system are required to constantly evaluate and upgrade the teaching methodology to achieve result and bring desired changes in students. It also talks about the evaluation of the whole systems it means that we cannot study the impact of educational technology in pieces.We need to consider the prime objectives of educational system and how best educational technology can help to attain the desired objectives. One has to evaluate the educational process in various lacunas where technology can be helpful to achieve desired results then one should create appropriate technology and use it to make better human learning process. Factors like conditions of learning teaching methodologies are talked about in the above context and hence we have to study one more use of educational technology. The establishment of technology is the backbone of improvement for student learning professional development and administration. With the help of integrating technology to prepare students for careers and keep students engaged in the teacher educators up to date on the latest technologies to help them be more effective in their teaching environments. Increasing support for pre-service education technology programs to help to produce more technologically by teachers in using technology to scale improvement and to accelerate reform. Developing systems and strategies that will help educators to use assessment of data to improve student learning and investing in research and development focused on innovation in teaching and learning process and promoting in global digital citizenship through technology based collaboration.

Jammu and Kashmir are home to a variety of tribal groups that have settled in every nook and corner of this hilly landscape. The J&K tribes are differentiated from the rest of the Indian tribesmen by the tribal people and by their locations, by the tribes and by their traditions, their cultures, their means of communication, or simply by their culinary arts. Gujjars and Bakarwals are the two Jammu and Kashmir nomadic tribes who because of their migratory and backward existence have been granted Scheduled Tribe (ST) status. The Gujjars are mainly nomads who travel with their cattle from the plains to the higher altitudes as part of their annual seasonal migrations with their livestock. In the Indian subcontinent, Gujjars and Bakerwals are two names of one tribe usually referred to as Gujjars. In Jammu and Kashmir, Gujjars form a significant ethnic and linguistic group and constitute 20 percent of the total state population spread throughout all districts of the J&K state. The ancient rituals and customs of prehistoric times are brought with them by Gujjars and Bakarwals, who are predominantly Muslims. Most of them are still unaffected by the outside world's influence. Compared to the other 12 scheduled tribe communities in the state, the literacy rate among the Gujjar community is low. Their wealth, success and stability in life can be decided by education. The effects would be endured by tribes who remain either deprived or negligent of education. The commissioner for planned castes and planned tribes notes that there will be no change in tribal welfare unless exploitation among the tribal’s is combated and eliminated by education. The present paper emphasizes the educational status of the nomadic Gujjars of the Vijaypur block in the district of Samba. It also seeks to find out about the steps taken by the government of Jammu and Kashmir to provide tribal Gujjars with education.

The Kashmir valley has witnessed a huge socio-political transformation over the years, affecting not just the people who live here, but also the film industry. Bollywood is one such business that has been severely hit by the unrest in the valley. There are many distinctions between films made before and after the 1990s, not just in terms of the number of films made each year, but also in terms of thematic variances. After the 1990s, films made in Kashmir saw a dramatic transformation, with militancy and related concerns dominating the narrative. Given that Indian cinema has grown into a massive and influential industry, it's important to understand how Bollywood portrayed Kashmiris for its massive audience.In this research, the post-1989 scenario of armed conflict in Kashmir is examined from an Indian viewpoint through content analysis of five Bollywood films produced between 1990 and 2014.The portrayal of Kashmiri characters and the treatment given to Kashmiri Muslims are examined in these films. According to the findings, the character portrayal is onedimensional and dominant with one good or negative quality.However, there is a weak and erratic change in Indian perspectives on Kashmir. In early films, Kashmiri people’s resistance was solely represented as terrorism, but in subsequent films, the hardships of Kashmiris are also depicted.

The purpose of writing this paper was to report on a study of the relative roles of fishers in decision making regarding fishery related matters as well as in household matters in district Bandipora of Kashmir valley. The present study was conducted in Bandipora district of Kashmir valley and the data was collected from 100 fishers (50 men and 50 women) using non probability (purposive sampling) as well as probability technique (simple random sampling). The data collected was analyzed using the SPSS (version 21) software. The decisions and participation in decision making were related both to the occupation as well as household. Women fishers do have enough participation in occupation related decisions. The results of our study revealed that that decision making pattern of fishers in fishery related activities were taken by both men and women. However, a significant difference (p<0.01) was found in decision making regarding purchase of gears, mending and fabrication of nets, catching of fish, sorting, processing and marketing of fish. The fishers were advanced in giving autonomy to women regarding certain decisions like in household matters, occupational matters, etc. It was concluded from our study that there is a need of providing scientific information to the fishers of the study area.

Information and Communication Technology (ICT) is playing a vital role in open and distance learning (ODL) to meet the requirements and expectations of the learners’ in large scale. It is difficult to perform the same using any traditional institutional system due to its limited resources. ICT has various proven tools and technologies to meet the requirements of a learner at various phases of learning cycle viz. the admission phase, the learning phase, the evaluation phase and finally the certification phase as a service. Due to heterogeneous requirements in open distance learning, there are issues and challenges that are to be addressed in usage of the technology and the service(s) being provided through ICT. The paper emphasizes the issues and challenges on the computing & network infrastructure, portability with respect to hardware & software and various learner support services. The paper also presents on security issues of a service in terms of its availability, authenticity, confidentiality and access control so that one can ensure a service to the utmost satisfaction of a learner in open distance learning system.

Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has played a vital role in every sector of life in transforming the processes and governance all across. ICT has been immensely contributing in the field of education where teaching, learning and research is the primary goal without which the growth of the educational institute is gridlocked. ICT has changed the global education scenario by introducing different gadgets, techniques and software systems which have changed the discourse of research. Despite the fact, that the ICT has been minimizing the efforts and improving the quality of research around globe, this part of the world, the state of Jammu and Kashmir is hit by a good amount of digital divide. Digital Divide commonly defined as the gap between those who have and who do not have access to computers and the Internet, which has been a central issue on the scholarly and political agenda of new media development (Van Dijk, et. al. 2006). The term “digital divide” in the context of J&K higher education system (HES) refers to the gap between educational stakeholders, at different learning levels with regard to their opportunities of accessing the Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) and the use of Internet for a wide variety of educational activities. Although the government is providing the ample facilities of ICT in every recognized educational institution but the question of utilization still remains unresolved due to the lack of awareness, digital literacy and effective use of the same. The second major issue pertaining to the J& K HES (History of Education Society) is the mismatch in the demand and supply of the relevant man power to the industries, due to the ample skills gap which has lead to higher rate of unemployment. The aim of this paper is to mainly focus on certain issues related to digital divide in higher education sector and to find the ways to minimize the digital gap by shifting the focus of academician towards the methods of bridging the skills gap with industry so as to provide the relevant human resources for the later.

In this paper, an attempt has been made to study the socio-educational and political scenario of Ladakhi Tribals. For the present study, some suitable primary and secondary data were collected. The study revealed that Ladakh is a hilly region which is situated among the narrow valleys of Himalaya.Union territory of Ladakh consists of two districts which are Kargil and Leh. It is found that most of the outsiders are getting confused with the name of Ladakh and Kargil. Actually Ladakh is the name of whole region under which Kargil and Leh district fall. The historical and geographical conditions of Ladakh approve it as a region which consists of both Leh and Kargil in current times, and before the partition of 1947 Ladakh covers Kargil, Leh, Gilgit, Baltistan, etc. popularly known as the erstwhile Greater Ladakh. It is further found that the people of both these two districts are mostly caring to their socio-religion custom and practices. The study revealed that in past the educational status of Kargil was worse than Leh, but now the educational status of Kargil is better than Leh. With the passage of time people of Ladakh has become civilised and moved ahead. It is also found that Kargil has diverse and unique ethnic groups.

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a non-malignant condition affecting older men with poorly characterized epidemiology. Androgens play a vital role in its development. The most common manifestations of BPH known as lower urinary tract symptoms are hesitancy, straining, weak flow, prolonged voiding, partial or complete urinary retention and increased frequency of micturition. It was estimated to affect approximately 10% of men in their 30’s and 20% of men in their 40’s, 60% of men in their 60’s, 80% of men in their 70’s, and 90% of men in their 80’s. It has been found that BPH and prostate cancer is highly prevalent among Africans and in the Diaspora. Interestingly, not enough study is available related to socioeconomic group and risk of BPH. The current study has categorized sixty (60) diagnosed and randomly selected cases of BPH as per the standard socio-economic scale, Kuppuswamy`s socio-economic status scale. The study reveals a majority (40%) of BPH patients belong to upper-lower class followed by (31.66%) lower-middle and (26.67%) upper middle socio-economic class. We concluded that BPH is more common in men belonging to upper-lower and middle socio-economic classes

It is the prime duty of a State to protect the rights and liberties of its people. To secure the innocent and punish the guilty. In every civilized society governed by rule of law there is a criminal justice system in place for this purpose. In India the criminal justice system has been performing much below the par and many would say that it has failed to inspire the confidence of the citizens. Some would say that it has failed. When the guilty go unpunished the faith of a common man in the system is shaken. It is both a common perception and a reality that crime continues to increase in India, in fact it proliferates. Criminal law is absolutely essential in a society for maintaining law and order. Criminal law has to be strong enough both in its content as well as in its implementation, without being oppressive. Over the centuries, however, the victims have been brought down as a mere witness in the criminal proceeding. Thus the position of victim has varied greatly in human society. These variations reflected in the historical evolution of legal concepts as well as diverse approach of treating the victim in criminal justice system. A highly respected senior advocate of Supreme Court and a jurist Mr. Fali S. Nariman, in his first book “India’s Legal System: Can it be Saved”, gives instances when two of the Hon’ble Chief Justices of Supreme Court, while demitting their office had said that the criminal justice system in India is either collapsing or has already collapsed! It was time that this problem had to be tackled, and tackled fast. It is now accepted that criminal law and criminal procedure could never really lead to justice being administered unless and until the system pays respect to the interests of victims of crime. This means that the victim should not just be viewed as an instrument enabling the prosecutor to procure convictions. Rather than dealing with the victim as a tool, which can be used in the process of reporting the crime and later on as a witness, he or she should be considered as the injured party, as a human being with rights of their own that should be structurally taken into account at all stages of the criminal investigation and eventual trial. The general direction of victims’ reforms means that the victim has a right to be treated fairly, respectfully, and will have to be paid compensation or restitution for the damages incurred by the criminal offence. This Research paper will first look into the changing dimension of the status of victims up-to this date under various International instruments and their impact on developed and under developing countries. It also states the worried position of crime victims in Indian Criminal Justice System due to meager provisions for their protection.

Zoroastrianism spread to become the dominant religion of Iranian people, who spoke the Pahlavi language, also known as Middle Iranian, a precursor to modern Farsi. As the religion became more wide-spread, the religious class became more powerful. Royal women retained their privileges and were equal to the men’ dynasty. Two women of this era, Purandukht (630-31) and Azarmidukht (631-32), daughters of Khusra II, temporarily ascended to the throne. Their reign was short lived however, as the Zoroastrian priesthood was against it. Their rule was only accepted due to the lack of a mature male heir.

What is Dalit literature? How are Dalit women represented in Dalit literature? Is there any difference between Dalit male writing and Dalit female writings? The present paper proposes to focus on such questions with special reference to a short story titled Chauti Bhint (The Fourth Wall).

PCOS is one of the commonest metabolic disorders. It is the lifestyle syndrome characterized by menstrual disturbances, acne, hirsutism, weight gain and obesity. The prevalence is 61.18 % in young Kashmiri women. Even Indian National Family Survey (NFHS) indicates that at least 60% of married Kashmiri women report one PCOS or more reproductive health problems which are significantly higher in comparison to the all India average of 40 %. It occurs in one in five women, the current incidence of PCOS is 5-6% is fast increasing due to change in the lifestyle and stress. It is also becoming a common problem amongst adolescents, developing soon after puberty. It is prevalent in young reproductive age group (20-30%). PCOD is nowadays seen in young women who are overweight. Many girls who develop PCOS are overweight in childhood and obesity is clearly a risk factor. The Study was conducted in the Regional Research Institute of Unani Medicine after ethical approval. An Open Randomised clinical study was conducted on 66 patients divided into two groups 33 patients in group A and 33 patients in group B. Diagnosed females of PCOS between age 14 to 43 years were taken in the study after obtaining written informed consent. There were some social parameters and some clinical parameters that were taken in the study. The follow up was carried out after every 15 days. The results were taken after two months. It is found that maximum PCOS patients were present in the age group of 20 – 25 years. Out of 66 patients 56 were unmarried and 10 were married, 55 were of urban area and only 11 were of rural area. It is found that occupation / work load has effect in PCOS, students, scholars, working women suffers more in comparison to homemaker. Out of 66 patients 1 was from lower class, 1 was from upper class, 23 were from lower middle class, 10 were from upper lower class and 31 belongs to upper middle class. The 60 patients have mixed dietary habit followed by 5 non vegetarian and 1 was pure vegetarian. Out of 66 patients 30 were obese and their colour of skin was whitish, 29 were found of normal built whereas 7 patients were lean, suggests that it is usually occur in fair and obese girls. The determinants of health viz. age, marital status, genetics, race, ethnicity, nutrition, environment and socioeconomic status have relationship with PCOS.

The movement of Feminism started in 18th century in America, but the concept was from the beginning as the idea came much before than that in Kashmir in 12th century with the emergence of the torch bearers of Kashmiri poetry, Lal Ded and Habba Khatoon. They raised their voices and bare their heart to people in the times when it was rarity that a woman would give vent to their feelings. Though, they belong to different eras but through their poetry they critique and evaluate the social and traditional structures of their society through their poetry. Lal Ded introduced a new vehicle of expression which is known as Vaakh and vatsun, a channel of expressing the ideas and deep down emotions. Whileas, Habba Khatoon introduced lol to Kashmiri poetry which was later imitated by her contemporary and successors as their style of writing poetry. The objective of this paper is to trace the feministic strains in the poetry of Lal Ded and Habba Khatoon. It will be worthwhile to see, how these two queens of Kashmiri poetry remain unparallel in representing the emotions, yearnings and sufferings through their poetry by using different poetic devices

This work considers a neglected question of the transaction of woman’s body into values; where a woman’s self is divided between her use and exchange values. It demonstrates how women are transacted as gifts vis-a-vis the Manto’s protagonists. It operates the stories where masculinity plays the decisive role in the construction of the social order where women are asserted meaning or given value through exchanges and transactions. The essay will examine the personalities of prostitutes in Manto’s stories: Hatak, Behind the Reeds and Kali Salwar, whose bodies are assigned the certain value by pimps, and their male customers

The theme and aim of this topic center’s round to a burning question i.e. Humanism and universal brotherhood. It is indeed painful to see that this world full of the great personalities professing universal harmony and brotherhood is now riddled with fissiparous tendencies like fundamentalism, disharmony and intolerance. But it should be noted that without harmony, love and international understanding the cultural and economic growth and progress of any country cannot make any headway. It is perhaps pertinent to look back and examine the works of Kashmiri intellectuals and poets who had advocated for generating a tolerant attitude in all matters of life and actions, in fostering goodwill, universal brotherhood and loving friendship among the people of the world because, ‘literature has the supreme function of raising the quality of human beings’. When we study great classics of any literature, our mind become dyed to their thoughts. They gave us moral contentment. With a view to focusing on these humanistic values, I have selected the Shahnama of Wahab Parry Hajni where numerous instances and utterances of the poet echoing the spirit of ethics and universal brotherhood are to be found.

Arabic letters when enter into the Persian language, take below grammatical functions. The sound: "Alla" (i.e. alert) is sometimes used as a punishment sound in Persian language. Alert! He must not cry that the great throne will be quaked if an orphan cries Conjunctive: "Amma", "Ella", "Bal", "Laken" (i.e. but) and "hatta" (i.e. Even) are applied as conjunctive in Persian language (Persian Literature 2002). Ella is an exception letter in Arabic language that is considered as a conjunctive in Persian language. Adverb: "Na'am" and "La" (i.e. Yes and no) are answering letters in Arabic language, yet these words in Persian language are called adverbs of emphasis that are substituted for sentence. For example, in Persian language, in response to the question "has Fereidun gone to Mashhad?" it is said "No." that means he has not. Preposition: Arabic language prepositions applied in Persian language are considered as prepositions. Arabic Verbs in Persian Language Arabic verbs are rarely applied in Persian language and take below grammatical functions (Ali Mohammad Haghshenas 1997). Adverb: Some verbs are applied as adverb in Persian language like "Yahtamel" which means "it is probable" in Arabic language and is applied as the adverb "maybe" in Persian language. Adjective: Some negative verbs are applied as adjective in Persian language (Dr. Mohammad Moein 1961), like "lam yazre" that means "not growing" in Arabic language and is applied as an adjective and means "infertile" in Persian language. Conjunctive: Some verbs are applied as conjunctive in Persian language like "madam" that is used as a conjunctive and means "as long as". Noun: Some verbs are applied as noun in Persian language like "Ahsant" (i.e. Bravo). Sound: Some verbs are applied as a praise sound like "Ahsant". Verb: For example in some verses of Sanaei poetry, some Arabic verbs have been applied as verb like the below verse that italic words are Arabic verbs (Sanaei, 2003): Why it has been said to the Saints orzoghni and vaffeghni why it has been said to the Prophets amanna and sollamna.

Beggar is a Persian term which means employing anyone without remuneration or to force anyone to work against his will. According to Muzaffar Ahmad Khan, Beggar must have been an age-old practice in Kashmir perhaps as old as the history of organized wars, in view of the logistic requirements in a country of difficult terrain and mountain defiles (Khan, Muzaffar Ahmed 2012). The origin of this institution is traced back to the reign of king Samkaravarman who levied rudhabharodhi (forced labour) for military services. The practice continued as a vital institution of feudal and monarchical system under the Loharas, the Sultans, the Mughals, the Chaks, the Afghans and the Sikhs.

As far as the word privacy is concerned it actually means the ability of any individual or group to seclude themselves or information about themselves,and thereby express themselves selectively.When something is private or personal to a person ,it usually means that something is inherently special or sensitive to them.Every individual has full authority to protect his information in real life and more importantly on digital platforms like social media websites or any other digital media.The issue of privacy of children is increasing at an alarming rate.In this paper I am going to discuss conceptual analysis of the concept of privacy,its protection and the parties involved in the infringement of privacy and how law affords protection to the protection of privacy of persons in general and children in particular.

Accessibility of information for all, especially for People with Disabilities (PwDs) is a major concern in today's digital world. In order to address this access need, it is important to have an assessment statement of websites regarding access for PwDs. With respect to Indian tourism, Online Travel Aggregators' (OTAs) websites are the major source of information for tourists to plan and decide on their trips. Therefore, this study has examined Twenty 20 OTAs of India websites regarding their impact on accessible tourism. Various online testing tools and indices are used for their evaluation processes of web pages along with manual study conducted. It addresses the availability of accessibility features, web accessibility and readability status, and security features of these OTAs websites from the accessible tourism perspective. The result manifest that they are not following Web Content Accessibility Guideline (WCAG) while designing their websites and has a poor level of accessibility and readability status which are the major obstacles for achieving the accessible tourism successfully. Therefore, some implications for the Government and industry are suggested to address the barriers and to enhance tourism especially for PwDs globally. In addition, an agenda for future research on accessible tourism involving OTAs websites based on different parameters has been proposed.